The convention governing the International Whaling Commission (IWC) Free Essays

string(275) " such uncertainties up front, by insisting that if these current â€Å"best perceptions† are in error, the trend in catches set over the longer term must be such that the Procedure self-corrects before there is any substantial risk that the resource could be damaged\." President Clinton, when announcing his decision last October to delay the implementation of sanctions on Norway following that country’s recommencement of commercial whaling, stated the United States’ strong commitment to science- based international solutions to global conservation problems. The convention governing the International Whaling Commission (IWC) states similarly that its â€Å"regulations with respect to the conservation and utilization of whale resources †¦ shall be based on scientific findings†. But the practice differs greatly from the principle. We will write a custom essay sample on The convention governing the International Whaling Commission (IWC) or any similar topic only for you Order Now The IWC took a decision in 1982 to impose a global moratorium on all commercial whaling at a time of growing scientific evidence that the Antarctic minke whale population, at least, could certainly sustain a limited harvest. Whaling countries, angered by this decision which they considered to be without scientific justification, hit back later in the 80’s by making use of a provision in the IWC Convention which allowed them to issue permits to their nationals to catch some whales for the purpose of scientific research – research is conducted as a part of these â€Å"scientific† whaling operations, but is that their primary purpose? Most recently there is the proposal for a whale sanctuary throughout the Southern Ocean – a transparent attempt to prevent the resumption of whaling on the 3/4 million strong Antarctic minke population for reasons which have nothing to do with science. This has been accompanied by the unedifying spectacle of Western nations and â€Å"conservation† (or, more accurately, â€Å"preservationist†) groups desperately searching for some plausible surrogate scientific rationale with which to attempt to justify the proposal. These other reasons are discussed elsewhere in this volume. My brief is to address aspects of President Clinton’s expressed concern at â€Å"the absence of a credible, agreed management and monitoring regime that would ensure that commercial whaling is kept within a science-based limit†. SUSTAINABLE UTILISATION Obviously such limits should be consistent with â€Å"sustainable utilisation† – but exactly what does that mean? The most ready analogy is that of a pensioner whose sole asset is a capital sum invested in a bank. Sustainable utilisation for him means living off the annual interest without dipping into the capital. In other words, harvesting only the natural annual growth of a population, without depleting it to a low level where this growth is greatly reduced. THE IWC’S NEW MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE In the 1970’s, in response to mounting public criticism following the substantial depletion of many whale populations by whaling conducted under its aegis, the IWC introduced the so-called â€Å"New Management Procedure† (NMP). The underlying principles were fine – essentially to get whale populations to and keep them at reasonably high proportions of their size before exploitation started, by ensuring that catch limits set did not exceed sustainable levels. But the NMP proved unworkable in practice. Why? Not because there was anything wrong with the concept, but because the NMP didn’t go far enough. It failed to specify how the â€Å"annual interest† (i.e. the sustainable catch level from a whale stock) was to be calculated, what data needed to be collected to do this, and how to take account of uncertainties. CALCULATING SUSTAINABLE YIELD LEVELS So how can sustainable yield levels be calculated? For the pensioner, the process is simple: to evaluate how much interest will become available annually, ask the bank teller how much capital is in his account and what the interest rate is, and then just multiply the two together. So why isn’t fisheries management equally easy? – because the teller is unco- operative. All he will tell you, and only once a year, is how much you have in your account, which he can get wrong by typically 20%. And he certainly won’t tell you directly what the interest rate is. How do we then get the information needed to be able to perform this key multiplication to calculate the sustainable yield for whale populations? For the capital component, sighting surveys are conducted from research vessels to determine the numbers of whales. By the standards normally attainable in fisheries research, the results obtained are good (error margins of typically 20%). The difficult component is the interest rate. Basically some (careful) exploitation is needed before this can be evaluated, because the calculation requires the information from a series of sighting surveys on how the size of the population changes in response to this harvesting. THE FUNDAMENTAL RISK-REWARD TRADE-OFF The bottom line then is that some trade-off is inevitable. If such initial harvests are kept too low, the potential productivity of the resource remains undiscovered. But if these catches are set too large, there is a high risk that unintended heavy depletion may occur before this is realised and corrective action can be taken. The goal of a risk-free harvesting strategy is unattainable, for exactly the same reason that no car or aircraft can ever be made completely â€Å"safe†. Risk can be reduced (though never eliminated), but only at the expense of higher costs – or correspondingly, lesser rewards in the form of smaller catches in resource utilisation terms. WHERE DOES THE COMPUTER COME IN? The role of the computer is to calculate the sizes of the anticipated trade-offs between risk and reward when harvesting whale populations. This is the basic function of the computer simulation trials used to test the IWC Scientific Committee’s proposed â€Å"Revised Management Procedure† (RMP). Quantitative information about these trade-offs allows a sensible choice to be made between the extremes of rapid extinction of the resource under unsustainable catch levels, and complete protection which forbids any harvesting ever. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A â€Å"MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE† AND THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT? How does such a â€Å"Management Procedure† approach differ from the usual methods used to regulate fisheries? There catch limits are calculated according to the current â€Å"best perceptions† of the status and productivity of the resource. But it is then not entirely clear how the answer obtained should be adjusted to take the inevitable uncertainties in these perceptions into account – in other words, how to make proper allowance for risk. In contrast, the â€Å"Management Procedure† approach puts such uncertainties up front, by insisting that if these current â€Å"best perceptions† are in error, the trend in catches set over the longer term must be such that the Procedure self-corrects before there is any substantial risk that the resource could be damaged. You read "The convention governing the International Whaling Commission (IWC)" in category "Papers" For example, it has been suggested that global climatic change could result in a change in the environment which is deleterious for whale stocks. The RMP has already been tested to ensure that catch limits for whales would be adjusted downwards appropriately should this occur. Why are such Procedures needed for whales in particular? Whales are long-lived animals and their populations can at best grow at only a few percent per annum. Thus even relatively low levels of catch, if continued, can lead to problems unless there is adequate monitoring and an option for adjusting catch limits. In other words, the risk involved in harvesting whale populations can be evaluated sensibly only for a Procedure which is to be consistently applied for a number of decades. Thus, as in sport, a Management Procedure involves all the parties concerned agreeing the rules before the game is played (and sticking to them during it!). IS THIS APPROACH BEING USED SUCCESSFULLY ELSEWHERE? This approach is not entirely new in fisheries. Iceland has been applying it in the management of its capelin fishery. Arising out of the IWC’s initiative for whales, South Africa has now come to base catch limit decisions for its major fisheries for hake, sardine and anchovy on the approach. WHAT SORT OF CATCH REGIME FOR WHALES WOULD RESULT UNDER THE RMP? As far as catch limits for whales under the IWC Scientific Committee’s proposed RMP are concerned, these would initially be set at annual levels of about 0.5% of current population sizes. That would apply to stocks of species not greatly depleted by past whaling activities, such as many of the world’s minke whale populations. For stocks still markedly depleted such as the blue and fin whales of the Antarctic, this percentage would be considerably less – indeed zero for those and many other stocks for a number of decades yet. In addition, there would be provisions to ensure that catches are widely spread, rather than concentrated in a few small regions. This is necessary to provide safeguards against uncertainties in knowledge about the positions of the boundaries between stocks. The annual percentage take could be increased over time, but this would be permitted only provided the results from the monitoring population trends over time by sightings surveys suggest that such larger levels of catch are sustainable. However, if the survey series stops, catches are phased out quite rapidly. TO WHAT LEVEL OF RISK DOES THE RMP CORRESPOND? What risks would be involved in the application of the RMP to whale stocks? Broadly speaking, there would be no more than a 5% chance, even under the worst set of circumstances or misconceptions likely, that catches (other than perhaps ones of a negligible size) would be taken from a population reduced to more than 10% below its most productive level. (This is the so-called 54% â€Å"protection level† – an abundance 54% of that before any harvesting took place.) And populations would need to be reduced to well below that level before any real concerns about possible extinction might arise. HOW DOES THIS LEVEL OF RISK COMPARE TO THAT ACCEPTED IN HARVESTING OTHER OF THE WORLD’S MARINE RESOURCES? If this criterion (no more than a 5% chance that the population is below 54% of its pre-exploitation size for harvesting to be allowed) were applied to the rest of the world’s fisheries, nearly all would have to be closed immediately. Off the northeast coast of the US and off western Europe, for example, harvesting continues from cod stocks which are below not just 50% of their pristine levels, but arguably less than as little as 10%. Even when allowing for biological differences between whales and fish, the low levels of risk some nations demand be met for harvesting the former, are totally inconsistent with the much higher levels which they are prepared to accept for exploiting their own stocks of the latter. ABORIGINAL WHALING ON THE BOWHEAD WHALE OFF ALASKA President Clinton’s statement made reference to the aboriginal whaling on bowheads in which native Alaskans engage. Some years ago, there was justifiable concern that these activities were putting this population at risk. However, the US has commendably invested considerable research effort towards addressing this problem, with results which show that there can now be no serious scientific reservations that current levels of catch place the population under any real threat. Yet, were the RMP to be applied in this case, it is so risk averse that an immediate cessation of these whaling activities would be required. THE NMFS REVIEW OF THE RMP Recently, the US National Marine Fisheries Service commissioned an independent review of the RMP by a panel of seven North American scientists. Their brief to assimilate and comment upon seven years of work by the IWC Scientific Committee (without having had any prior involvement therein) in the short space of five days was a daunting one. The panel concluded that the RMP as it stood could be used safely for a period of at most 20 years, but also recommended that some further computer simulation trials be carried out. However, it seems to me that all the specific extra trials which they recommend have effectively already been carried out and considered by the IWC’s Scientific Committee. It is unclear from the panel’s written report whether they were unaware of this, or did actually have some reservations about what had been done, which their report fails to elaborate. Obviously the panel should clarify this ambiguity expeditiously to the IWC’s Scientific Committe e. NORWAY’S RESUMPTION OF COMMERCIAL WHALING Norway has, of course, resumed commercial whaling on minke whales. This it is legally entitled to do, since it lodged an objection to the IWC’s 1982 moratorium decision. I understand that the annual catch limit set by the Norwegians for their overall operation is within the limit which the RMP would specify, so that there are no scientific grounds to query that decision. However, I understand also that the areal distribution of the catches permitted by Norway is not in accord with the provisions of the RMP, and I believe that legitimate questions can be directed at Norway on this point. Of course, such a deviation from the RMP does not necessarily mean that any real danger to the resource will eventuate. But if Norway does wish to depart from the RMP’s provisions, I believe that it has some scientific obligation to present the results of computer simulation trials to the IWC’s Scientific Committee to demonstrate that such deviations as they might plan do indeed not involve undue long term risk. THE POTENTIAL EFFECT OF INCREASED CONSUMPTION BY GROWING MARINE MAMMAL POPULATIONS ON COMMERCIAL FISH RESOURCES What of the concerns often expressed that increasing marine mammal populations will consume more fish and thus put fishing industries at risk? The counter argument often made is that there is no scientific proof that this is so. But equally, there is no scientific proof that it isn’t. The scientific methods which have been used in the past to address this question have been crude, and there has been a justifiable argument that basing management decisions (such as a marine mammal cull, for example) upon their results would be premature. Marine science can never, by its nature, prove something without some residual doubt. But methods are being improved, and cases may soon arise where the preponderance of indications that growing numbers of marine mammals will impact fisheries is so strong, that hard decisions will have to be faced to avoid the chance that important industries are put at risk. For example, growing fur seal herds off southern Africa are now more than 2 million strong. Their consumption of commercial species equates to the total catch by all the fishing industries in the area, and their continued growth may constitute a threat to the region’s most valuable fishery for hake. IN CONCLUSION To conclude, let me return to President Clinton’s concern for science-based limits, and credible management and monitoring for potential commercial whaling. From the scientific side, the RMP has been more thoroughly researched and tested than any comparable marine resource management system worldwide. Its own requirement for regular sighting surveys, as well as the regular review process associated with its implementation for any species and region, ensures adequate monitoring. It is so risk averse that the only real scientific basis for questioning its immediate implementation is that it is so conservative that it will waste much of a potential harvest. If the United States fails to endorse the RMP, is there any way that the US could then avoid the judgement of complete hypocrisy, unless it immediately suspended not only the aboriginal whaling by Alaskans, but indeed closed every one of the country’s fisheries? How to cite The convention governing the International Whaling Commission (IWC), Papers

Drayton 61 Structure free essay sample

There are many different ways to approach the structure of a poem, a piece of fiction, a play. In what follows I’m going to make some suggestions about the structure of Michael Drayton’s poem beginning â€Å"Since there’s no help, come let us kiss and part,† a sonnet from his collection titled Idea, first published in 1593. It’s important for you to understand that there are many valuable and illuminating ways to talk about this poem’s structure, not any one, single, right way. That’s why I’m writing suggestions, not prescriptions. When I say â€Å"the structure† of Drayton’s poem, I mean not only how it’s put together but also the way it works. Learning how something is put together shows us what the parts are. Learning how those â€Å"put-together† parts work shows us the thing in action. And a short lyric poem like Drayton’s (any work of literature that we’re reading, for that matter) is a thing in action, a dynamic process. We will write a custom essay sample on Drayton 61 Structure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Here is Drayton’s poem. Since there’s no help, come let us kiss and part; Nay, I have done, you get no more of me, And I am glad, yea glad with all my heart That thus so cleanly I myself can free;4 Shake hands forever, cancel all our vows, And when we meet at any time again, Be it not seen in either of our brows That we one jot of love retain. 8 Now at the last gasp of love’s latest breath, When, his pulse failing, passion speechless lies, When faith is kneeling by his bed of death, And innocence is closing up his eyes, 12 Now if thou wouldst, when all have given him over, From death to life thou mightst him yet recover. Well, what are the parts of this poem? Words in lines. Specifically, words in lines which usually add up to ten syllables each. Words put together so that they make a rhythm as we say them, a sort of di-da di-da di-da di-da di-da rhythm, with emphasis usually on the â€Å"da† syllable, like this: And I am glad, yea glad with all my heart or this: And when we meet at any time again. And the poem is made up of lines whose end words rhyme (that is, chime together) in a certain pattern throughout the poem, like this: part / me / heart / free(abab)lines 1-4 vows /again / brows / retain (cdcd)lines 5-8 breath / lies / death / eyes (efef)lines 9-12 over / recover(gg)lines 13-14 This pattern creates groups of lines (they have technical English-teacher terms), which go together because their end-word rhymes link them together: lines 1-4=first quatrain lines 5-8=second quatrain  lines 9-12=third quatrain lines 13-14=final couplet The words in this poem are also organized grammatically, in several ways: sentencesthe first (a cumulative sentence—check out the term in a handbook or do a Google search) consisting of the poem’s first and second quatrains and the second (a periodic sentence) consisting of the third quatrain and the final couplet; clausesa bunch; notice, for e xample, the first line of the poem Since there’s no help, come let us kiss and part— a subordinate clause followed by a main clause in a combination showing a cause-and-effect relationship;  verbs—significant mood shifts within the poem (another technical English-teacher term—verbs come in â€Å"moods,† namely the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, which, if you can’t recognize, you’d better get a grammar/composition handbook), with the imperative and indicative dominating the first eight lines and the indicative and subjunctive the last six (note especially â€Å"wouldst† and â€Å"mightst† in ll. 13-14); subjects—all personal pronouns in the first eight lines (â€Å"us,† â€Å"I,† â€Å"you,† â€Å"we†), nouns in the next four (â€Å"passion,† â€Å"faith,† â€Å"innocence†), and a return to pronouns in the final couplet (â€Å"thou,† â€Å"all†); adverbs expressing time—â€Å"when† X 4, â€Å"Now† X 2, â€Å"again,† and â€Å"yet†; adjectives—there are very few: why Well, despite the fact that GRAMMAR IS REALITY, we probably should get off the grammar wagon for the time being. There are other ways to look at how words in a poem are organized. Consider the way they get sounded when you read them. Listen carefully as you say the first two quatrains of the poem: Since there’s no help, come let us kiss and part; Nay, I have done, you get no more of me, And I am glad, yea glad with all my heart That thus so cleanly I myself can free;4 Shake hands forever, cancel all our vows, And when we meet at any time again, Be it not seen in either of our brows That we one jot of love retain. 8 I’m hearing a lot of one-syllable words. The first three lines consist entirely of one-syllable words, and there are only seven two-syllable words in all of the eight lines. I’m also hearing a kind of clipped, short way of speaking in these lines. Partly this is due to (ALERT-ALERT: another technical term) alliteration, as in the hard â€Å"c† sounds—come, kiss, cleanly, can, Shake, cancel—and â€Å"t† sounds—let, part, get, heart, That, meet, time, it, not, That, jot, retain. Now listen to the way you’re sounding the words in the third quatrain: Now at the last gasp of love’s latest breath, When, his pulse failing, passion speechless lies, When faith is kneeling by his bed of death, And innocence is closing up his eyes 12 I’m hearing a lot more two- and even a three-syllable word now, especially in ll. 10-12. Also, I’m more aware of a kind of â€Å"breathiness† than I was when saying the first eight lines. Partly this is due to the fact that I’m saying words here that require more breath than one-syllable words. There’s another reason for the â€Å"breathiness,† and, yup, there’s a technical term for this, too, but let’s skip over it and listen to what’s causing this â€Å"breathiness. † What do you notice when you say these words: gasp, breath, pulse, failing, passion, faith, bed, death? Feel a little puff of breath coming out of your mouth, a kind of â€Å"uh,† after you say the initial consonant of the word? That’s what I’m getting. I think there’s another reason I’m feeling this â€Å"breathiness,† a reason not related to the sounds of words but to what they’re saying. The speaker in this poem is painting a picture in the third quatrain by using images. LOOK OUT (another technical term): â€Å"imagery† or â€Å"images† can refer to literal, descriptive pictures in a piece of writing, as well as to figurative language like (technical alert) similes, metaphors, personifications, etc. , or to both. In the present case, the speaker’s imagery is both literal and figurative. S/he’s creating a deathbed scene: there’s a â€Å"last gasp of . . . breath,† a â€Å"pulse failing,† a â€Å"bed of death,† even the â€Å"closing up† of the dying person’s eyes by an attendant. All this is vivid, literal imagery. But who’s dying? Someone named â€Å"love. † Who else is present in the scene? Persons named â€Å"passion,† â€Å"faith,† and â€Å"innocence† (in some printed versions of the poem these names are capitalized). These â€Å"persons† are abstract nouns that are being given the characteristics of humans—hence the term personification. So I’m getting both literal and figurative images, a double-whammy deathbed scene that strongly conveys the idea of the dying person’s final expiration. How does the imagery of the end of the poem compare with imagery at the beginning of the poem? I can’t see any figurative language at all in the first two quatrains, except for â€Å"you get no more of me† in l. 2, which suggests the idea of possession in a love relationship, and â€Å"Be it not seen in either of our brows† in l. 7, a (you got it) metonymy or figure of speech in which a part is substituted for the whole (brow for face). But for these exceptions, I can take more or less literally everything the speaker is saying. S/he and her/his partner are going to kiss and separate—that’s all that can be done. The speaker is finished with the partner, and s/he’s glad that s/he can make this separation so neatly. It’s simply a case of shaking hands goodbye, freeing each other of any obligation created by what the lovers might have said in the past (â€Å"I swear I’ll love you forever,† â€Å"There’ll never be another person in my life,† â€Å"You’re the center of my world,† etc. ), and making sure that, whenever they meet in the future, no bystander will be able to detect the slightest trace of their former love. I think it’s time to start asking how these put-together parts work in action, that is, to see what dynamic process is operating in the poem. If the structure of this poem is a dynamic process, then you ought to be able to see changes, differences, shifts, as you move through the poem. In fact, if you compare the beginning of the poem with the end, you can see major shifts. I’ve already noted some—for example, the change in verb moods from imperative and indicative in the first eight lines to indicative and subjunctive in the last six. Then there’s the difference in the sounds the words make and the style of speaking you can hear, from the direct, concise, controlled tone of ll. 1-8 to the breathy, drawn out speech of the last part of the poem, where the speaker creates a vivid picture of Love at the point of death. How do these grammatical and tonal differences work together to reinforce the changes you can hear as the speaker confronts his/her soon-to-be-ex partner? In the first part of the poem the speaker is giving orders to his/her partner, using imperative verbs (â€Å"come let us kiss and part,† â€Å"Shake hands,† â€Å"cancel,† â€Å"be it not seen†) and making statements s/he intends the partner to take as true and literal, using indicative verbs (â€Å"there’s no help,† â€Å"I have done,† â€Å"you get,† â€Å"I am glad,† â€Å"I .  can free†). Then there’s the alliteration of hard â€Å"c† and â€Å"t† sounds and the dominance of one-syllable words, creating a sense of directness. It’s almost as if the speaker is trying to maintain emotional contr ol of the situation, as if s/he needed to suppress feelings of regret over the breakup. You can even see this in the use of â€Å"you† in l. 2, a formal style of address in early modern English. (In a similar situation, why would you formally address your soon-to-be-ex? ) There is also an effort at matter-of-factness here, evident in the avoidance of figurative language. All this is accomplished in a cumulative sentence, where you get the main message at the beginning (we know we’re breaking up, so let’s get on with it). In the last part of the poem the speaker is painting a vivid picture of Love at the point of death, surrounded by mourning figures (those personifications) attending at the bedside, and maybe, if s/he were willing, the speaker’s partner. Note that indicative verbs are used in ll. 10-12 (in the subordinate â€Å"when† clauses), then subjunctive verbs in the final couplet (â€Å"if thou wouldst† and â€Å"mightst .. recover†). The important thing to know about the subjunctive mood here is that it expresses an action that might take place, not one that does take place. Note also that in this final couplet the speaker addresses his/her partner by using the informal, intimate form â€Å"thou† instead of the formal â€Å"you. † In addition to the figurative language and significant gr ammatical differences between the beginning of the poem and this part, you now get longer words and the breathiness I noted. It’s as if the speaker is encouraging his/her partner to imagine, to see, to feel what the death of their love is going to be like, complete with mourners and last gasps. This invitation to participate is clearly intended to have an emotional impact on the partner. The speaker is also feeling some emotion, I think. You can see this in something I haven’t spoken of before. It’s the shift from a regular di-da di-da rhythm in the first part of the poem to some pretty strong, off-beat rhythms in the last six lines. Look, for instance, at the beats in ll. 9-10 or l. 13. Something different is going on here, not the regular di-da di-da amble you’ve gotten used to. Why this shift? I think it may have to do with the emotion the speaker is starting to feel as s/he describes the deathbed scene. S/he is getting near the end of the poem, and if anything is going to happen other than shaking hands and saying goodbye, it had better happen soon. I’m sensing that emotions are getting much more noticeable. S/he even makes his/her partner the central figure, on whom love’s life or death depends: Now if thou wouldst, when all have given him over, From death to life thou mightst him yet recover. All this happens in a periodic sentence, where you get the main message at the end, here in the final couplet (it’s up to you dear, if you want to bring love back . . . ) Well, I could go on, but I won’t—not for much longer, anyway. I’ve been trying to show you that the closer you look at a piece of literature, the more things happen. Drayton’s poem—any good poem—is super dynamic. However, you can’t capture this dynamic quality just by taking a photograph or making a list of the poem’s parts. You’ve got to experience the dynamic quality of the poem in order to know its structure.

Affidavit Of Unauthorized Use free essay sample

Affidavit of unauthorized activity Except as may be provided below, I, , did not authorize any person other than myself to use my name or personal information to obtain access to or perform transactions in the above-referenced Shareholder account (the Account). I did not authorize the following transactions in my Account: Date of Transaction Description of Transaction (purchase, sale, transfer, etc. ) Stock Symbol Number of Shares Dollar Amount Additional transaction details may be listed on a separate sheet and attached. This area reserved for office use.Page 2 of 4 Additional information Please check Yes or No to the below questions and provide any additional information needed: I have filed a police report: Yes If yes: No I have filed a police report with the law enforcement agency named below: Report Number: Police Department Address: Address Line 1 Address Line 2 Associative Officer Name: Badge Number: If charges are brought against the person(s) who has committed this fraud, I am willing to cooperate fully with law enforcement officials, including assisting in prosecution and authorizing the release of information. We will write a custom essay sample on Affidavit Of Unauthorized Use or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am aware that my computer has been infected with mallard (viruses, Trojan, etc). The following is a list of mallard I know my computer to be infected with: Additional information may be listed on a separate sheet and attached. Please check l agree or l disagree to the below: I did not receive any money, goods, or services nor did I benefit in any other way as a result of these unauthorized transactions. I agree with the above I disagree with the above I did not knowingly share with any other person my Shareholder surname, logon ID, password, or other related confidential information.

Polysemy Definition and Examples

Polysemy Definition and Examples Polysemy is the association of one word with two or more distinct meanings. A polyseme is a word or phrase with multiple meanings. The word polysemy comes from the Greek for many signs. The adjective forms of the word include  polysemous or polysemic. In contrast, a one-to-one match between a word and a meaning is called monosemy. According to William Croft, Monosemy is probably most clearly found in specialized vocabulary dealing with technical topics (The Handbook of Linguistics, 2003). According to some estimates, more than 40% of English words have more than one meaning. The fact that so many words (or lexemes) are polysemous shows that semantic changes often add meanings to the language without subtracting any (M. Lynne Murphy, Lexical Meaning, 2010). For a discussion of the similarities and differences between polysemy and homonymy, see the entry for homonymy. Examples and Observations The word good has many meanings. For example, if a man were to shoot his grandmother at a range of five hundred yards, I should call him a good shot, but not necessarily a good man. (G.K. Chesterton, Orthodoxy, 1909) Have You Met Life Today? (advertising slogan of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 2001) Now, the kitchen was the room in which we were sitting, the room where Mama did hair and washed clothes, and where each of us bathed in a galvanized tub. But the word has another meaning, and the kitchen Im speaking of now is the very kinky bit of hair at the back of the head, where the neck meets the shirt collar. If there ever was one part of our African past that resisted assimilation, it was the kitchen. (Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Colored People. Alfred A. Knopf, 1994) Sports Illustrated can be bought for 1 dollar or 35 million dollars; the first is something you can read and later start a fire with, the second is a particular company that produces the magazine you just read. Such polysemy can give rise to a special ambiguity (He left the bank five minutes ago, He left the bank five years ago). Sometimes dictionaries use history to decide whether a particular entry is a case of one word with two related meanings, or two separate words, but this can be tricky. Even though pupil (eye) and pupil (student) are historically linked, they are intuitively as unrelated as bat (implement) and bat (animal). (Adrian Akmajian, et al., Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. MIT Press, 2001) The simplest form of this verb is when it signifies movement forward: The advance of the army was rapid. The  word can also mean the state of being in a forward position: We were in advance of the rest of the army. More figuratively, the word can be used to signify promotion in rank or position or salary: His advance to stardom was remarkable. It is also possible to advance an argument in the sense of putting forward reasons for supporting a particular view or course of action: I would like to advance the argument that being in debt is a desirable state while interest rates are so low. (David Rothwell, Dictionary of Homonyms. Wordsworth, 2007) On Polysemy in Advertising Common polysemic puns involve words like bright, naturally, clearly, where the advertiser will want both meanings. This headline ran above a picture of a sheep:Take it from the manufacturer.Wool. Its worth more. Naturally.(American Wool Council, 1980)Here the pun is a way of attributing wool, not to a manufacturing industry, but to nature. (Greg Myers, Words in Ads. Routledge, 1994) On Polysemy as a Graded Phenomenon We adopt as a working hypothesis the view that almost every word is more or less  polysemous, with senses linked to a prototype by a set of relational semantic principles which incorporate a greater or lesser amount of flexibility. We follow the now common practice in polysemy research and regard polysemy as a graded phenomenon . . ., where contrastive polysemy deals with homonyms such as match (a small stick with a tip which ignites when scraped on a rough surface) and match (contest in a game or sport), whereas complementary polysemy deals with interrelated semantic aspects of a word, such as, in the case of record, for example, the physical object and the music. (Brigitte Nerlich and David D. Clarke, Polysemy and Flexibility. Polysemy: Flexible Patterns of Meaning in Mind and Language. Walter de Gruyter, 2003) The Lighter Side of Polysemy Leave it to Americans to think that no means yes, pissed means angry, and curse word means something other than a word thats cursed! (Excalibur employee in It Hits the Fan. South Park, 2001) Lt. Abbie Mills: You sure you want to stay in this old cabin? Its a bit of a fixer-upper.Ichabod Crane: You and I have very different definitions of old. Seems if a building stays upright for more than a decade, people declare it a national landmark.(Nicole Beharie and Tom Mison in John Doe. Sleepy Hollow, 2013)

How might the recent consultation on No Secrets impact on social work Essay

How might the recent consultation on No Secrets impact on social work practice in safeguarding adults Draw on your knowledge of the personalisation agenda to inform your discussion - Essay Example This paper could also be in terms of seeking to identify and execute pre-designed projects. Again, Department of Health, (DoH) the Home Office (HO) and the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) launched a national consultation on the review of the No Secrets guidance. This consultation paper was about how the public, especially vulnerable people should identify and manage risk, particularly as efforts are being made to move towards increasing choice and control for people with learning and other kinds of disabilities. Through this paper, a critical analysis is being directed on of how the recent consultation on No secrets impacted social work practice in relation to safeguarding adults. It needs to draw from knowledge of the personalisation agenda. At the outset, it is necessary to know how the national framework paper No Secrets defines vulnerable person. According to it, â€Å"A Vulnerable adult is any person aged 18 or over who is or may be in need of community care services by reason of: Thus it becomes to understand and explain about the aspects of personalisation. In effect â€Å"This means that every person who receives support, whether provided by statutory services or funded by themselves, will be empowered to shape their own lives and the services they receive in all care settings.† (An introduction to personalisation, 2008). It also means that the degree of care and standards of providing high quality health services becomes a sine quo non in as far as health services in the UK context are concerned. It could also be in terms of the fact that vulnerable persons, people who may be higher degree of susceptible to abuses, either of psychological or physical nature, need to be afforded a better degree of care and attention that normal people. This is because these vulnerable people have a lower degree of physical and mental self defense mechanism than normal

The Marshall Plan and Communism after World War 2 Essay

The Marshall Plan and Communism after World War 2 - Essay Example Historical facts are used for purposes of knowledge and understanding of past events to help explaining contemporary and future events. On this basis, research into finding the answers to the above question will add knowledge to historians and other interested stakeholders. In addition, the information obtained will enable historians and other stakeholders in explaining contemporary and future communism. Such facts are provided within the analysis and conclusion of the paper. Section B: Summary of Evidence Communism is the economic and social system where property and resources are collectively owned and controlled by classless society. Marshall Plan (named after Secretary of State George Marshall) was intended to provide aid for fostering reconstruction of economies that had been destroyed by the World War II Between 1948 and 1951, US through the Marshall Plan (European Recovery Program, ERP) pumped money into Western Europe in order to spur redevelopment after the World War II Mars hall Plan was based on the dislocation of the entire European economy during the World War II Deteriorating European economies provided vistas for people to come together and own resources and production channels Main intention was to combat the spread of Soviet communism Goals of the Marshall Plan included: Rebuilding devastated region Removal of trade barriers Modernization of industry Making Europe prosperous again after the World War II Marshall’s success kept the Western Europe out of the communist bloc Economic weapons can be used in solving diplomatic problems Section C: Source Evaluation Ambrose, Stephen E. "The Presidency and Foreign Policy." Foreign Affairs 70.5 (1992): 120. In this article, Ambrose identifies some of the foreign policies employed by the US. Foreign policies are usually the guidelines that affect how a given nation interacts with other nations. This resource identifies the fact that Marshall Plan was developed out of the US foreign policies. The art icle provides the foundation of the plan making the research on the topic easier. Nonetheless, the article does not explicitly describe the Marshall Plan. Bernadette, Whelan. Ireland and the Marshall Plan 1947-1957. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000. Print. Bernadette in her book attempts to describe how Ireland benefitted from the Marshal Plan that was in effect between 1947 and 1958. Notably, the book addresses very crucial point in respect to how communism was going to arise within Europe had there been no aid from the US. What’s more, this book attempts to describe how communist bloc was a major concern for the US given that they had just emerged victors in the Second World War. Such information is important in establishing effectiveness of the Marshall Plan in preventing communism within the Western Europe. However, the limitation of the book is that it fails to explicitly provide a description and evaluation of the effects of Marshall Plan on communism in Europe. Burk, Ka thleen. "The Marshall Plan: Filling in some of the Blanks." Contemporary European History 10.2 (2001): 267-94. In the journal of Contemporary European History, Burk’s article revolves around the Marshall Plan and how it attempted to reconstruct the European economy. Burk’s article identifies some of the ‘blanks’ that many historians have failed to identified for all this time. For instance, Burk claims

Land law Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Land law - Outline Example (b). Gill find herself in a situation where there are people claiming to have interest on the land she has just acquired from Selina Morton. These parties claim differently and their rights if any are subject to this discussion. As for Collins Jones, he claims that he has exclusive right over a barn that in the land that was sold to Gill. He claims that an assignment in his favour was made by one Mona Siddique who alleged to have acquired a lease to use the barn from Selina Moron for a period of 25 years. It is this lease that was assigned to Colin Jones. This being a lease of more than 7 years, it ought to be registered for it to be effective from the official copy of register, there is an entry of a registered lease up to the year 2035. However, an alleged assignment of the lease by the initial lessee to Collins was not registered. This is contrary to law and is therefore unenforceable by Collins against Gill. Collins has no right as the assignee for want of registration of assignment instrument. However, Mona has a right to claim under the lease and occupy the barn. This means that Gill will have to occupy subject to the rights of Mona created under the lease agreement (Land Registration Act 2002). As for Harold, he claims that he has passed through the land transferred to Gill as short cut to his hives for fifty years. Harold is therefore claiming a right of way. A right of way is an easement which ought to satisfy all the elements of a valid easement for it to be recognised. First, there must be a dominant tenement and a servient tenement. This means that there must be someone using this land and the land that is being used. Secondly, the person using the land of another must have been allowed to use it by the owner. Thirdly, the owners of the two parcels of land (dominant tenement and Servient tenement must be